Breeding dynamics and threats identified at a small colony of Critically Endangered Rüppell’s Vultures Gyps rueppellii in a Ugandan Forest Reserve

Abstract

The Critically Endangered Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli is a resident species in Uganda, with only one known breeding site in Luku Central Forest Reserve, Arua district. The natural resources in this protected forest reserve are under severe threat due to a growing refugee population. Our short-term study documented vulture population size and breeding success at a small colony inside the reserve, and we identified specific threats to vultures and the surrounding habitat. We utilised direct observation and drone photography. The number of Rüppell’s Vultures ranged from 18 to 24 individuals. Of the 14 nests located on the cliff face, eight (57%) were successful. Many threats were identified including disturbance to nests from synanthropic species, hunting vultures for belief-based uses, poison use by farmers targeting pest species such as primates and crows, and habitat destruction within the forest reserve. We recommend that the National Forest Authority collaborates closely with the Uganda Wildlife Authority, NGOs and international partners such as the United Nations High Commission for Refugees to urgently engage neighbouring communities to heighten the protection of this site.